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Phimosis is defined as the inability to pull the skin backwards (foreskin or prepuce) covering the head (glans) of the penis.

Many people are surprised to learn that hernias are fairly common in kids. Babies (especially premature) can even be born with them.

A few children are born with a shortcoming or opening in the abdominal muscles around the navel through which some part of the abdominal content come out.

Undescended testis (also known as cryptorchidism) is a condition in which one or both of a baby boy's testes have not moved down into their proper place in the scrotum.

Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children between ages 3 months and 3 years old.

The appendix is a small organ attached to the large intestine in the lower right side of the belly. When it gets infected, it's called appendicitis.

Foreign body aspiration is when an object is inhaled and becomes lodged in a child’s airway or lungs.It's natural for children to explore their environment by seeing, touching and tasting objects around them.

A haemangioma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumour in infants. This abnormal cluster of small blood vessels appears on or under the skin, typically within one to three weeks after birth.

During the past two decades, cholelithiasis has been recognized in increasing numbers of paediatric patients. This diagnosis should be considered in the event of upper abdominal complaints, particularly when one or more risk factors are evident.

Hydrocephalus is a brain condition that happens when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the clear, watery fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord — can't drain from the brain. It then pools, causing a build-up of fluid in the skull.

Tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection in one or more places between the oesophagus (the tube that leads from the throat to the stomach) and the trachea (the tube that leads from the throat to the windpipe and lungs).

Duodenal atresia occurs in the duodenum and causes a blockage. The duodenum is the bowel adjoining the stomach. Atresia means gap. Occasionally there may not be a complete atresia but a partial narrowing or a diaphragm with hole instead.

Jejunoileal atresias are complete obstructions of the jejunum or ileum. Caused by arterial and venous abnormalities in the mesentery of the bowel of the foetus. More common in the jejunum, equal in males and females and may be single or multiple in nature. Associated anomalies are less common than in duodenal atresias.

An imperforate anus is a birth defect that happens while your baby is still growing in the womb. This defect means that your baby has an improperly developed anus, and therefore can’t pass stool normally from their rectum out of their body.

Exomphalos is a type of abdominal wall defect. It occurs when a child’s abdomen does not develop fully while in the womb.

Gastroschisis is a birth defect that develops in a baby while a woman is pregnant. This condition occurs when an opening forms in the baby’s abdominal wall.

Babies with gastroschisis are usually smaller than average. After birth, it can take some time for them to catch up developmentally. Long-term problems mostly occur in the very complicated cases. These can be related to feeding, bowel or infection issues.

A myelomeningocele is a defect of the backbone (spine) and spinal cord. Before birth, the baby’s spine, the spinal cord and the spinal canal do not form or close normally.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a tumour that develops before birth and grows from a baby's coccyx — more commonly known as the tailbone. It is the most common tumour found in newborns, occurring in 1 out of every 35,000 to 40,000 live births.

Cystic hygromas are abnormal growths that usually appear on a baby’s neck or head. They consist of one or more cysts and tend to grow larger over time. This disorder most often develops while the baby is still in the womb. However, a cystic hygroma can also appear after birth.

Pyloric stenosis is an uncommon condition in infants that blocks feeds from entering the small intestine. In pyloric stenosis, the pylorus muscles thicken and become abnormally large, blocking food from reaching the small intestine.

Hirschsprung disease affects the large intestine (colon) of newborns, babies, and toddlers. It makes them have trouble emptying their bowels. Most of the time, the problems start at birth, although in milder cases symptoms may appear months or years later.

Choledochal cyst is a problem with the tubes (ducts) that carry bile from your child’s liver to their gallbladder and intestine. The tubes get bigger than normal (dilate) or pouches form on the tubes. This keeps bile from flowing well, which can cause liver problems.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children are fairly common, but not usually serious. They can be effectively treated with antibiotics.

We've all heard of acid reflux — when stomach acids move up into the oesophagus and cause a burning sensation — but there can be other types of reflux in the body. When urine (pee) refluxes from the bladder to the kidneys, it's called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).

Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are obstructive membranes that develop in the urethra (tube that drains urine from the bladder), close to the bladder.

Ovarian cysts are very common in girls, and there are many times throughout a young woman's life when cysts may occur.

The ureteropelvic junction is located where the pelvis of the kidney meets the ureter (the tube that drains urine into the bladder). The term ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction describes a blockage to this area.

Hypospadias is a common structural difference of the penis where the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body) is not at the tip of the penis. It can be located anywhere on the under surface of the penis to the scrotum.